Wednesday 3 July 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Biography

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Woman from the island of Nossi-bé, in Madagascar, ca. 1868
Afro-textured hair is a term used to refer to the natural texture of Black African hair that has not been altered by hot combs, flat irons, or chemicals (through perming, relaxing, or straightening).
Each strand of this hair type grows in a tiny spring-like, helix shape. The overall effect is such that, despite relatively fewer actual hair shafts compared to straight hair,[1] afro-textured hair appears and feels denser than its straight counterparts.
For several reasons, possibly including its relatively flat cross section,[2] this hair type also conveys a dry or matte appearance.[3][4] Its unique shape additionally renders it very prone to breakage when combed or brushed.[4]
Contents
    1 Terminology
    2 Structure
    3 Evolution
    4 History
        4.1 Continental Africa
        4.2 Oceanic, Asian, Polynesian and Melanesian people
        4.3 The United States
            4.3.1 Trans-Atlantic slave trade
            4.3.2 Abolition of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade
            4.3.3 The rise of Black pride
        4.4 Modern perceptions and controversies
        4.5 In other diasporic black populations
    5 Styling
    6 See also
    7 Notes
    8 References
    9 External links
Terminology
In many post-Columbian Western societies, adjectives such as "kinky", "nappy", "wooly," or "spiralled" have frequently been used to describe natural afro-textured hair. More recently, however, it has become common in some circles to apply numerical grading systems to human hair types. One particularly popular version of these systems describes afro-textured hair as being 'type 4' (as opposed to the straight type 1, wavy type 2, and curly type 3), with the subcategory of type 4C being most exemplary of this hair type (Walker, 1997). However, afro-textured hair is often difficult to categorize because of the many different variations it has from person to person. Those variations include pattern (coils, springs, zig zags, s-curves), pattern size (watch spring to chalk), density (sparse to dense), strand diameter (fine, medium, wide) and feel (cottony, wooly, spongy).[5]
Structure
There are differences across ethnicity in the structure, density, and growth rate of hair. With regards to structure, all human hair has the same basic chemical composition in terms of keratin protein content.[6] However, Franbourg et al. have found that Black hair may differ in the distribution of lipids throughout the hair shaft.[6] Afro-texture hair was not as densely concentrated as other phenotypes.[1] Specifically, the average density of Afro-textured hair was found to be approximately 190 hairs per square centimeter. This was significantly lower than that of Caucasian hair, which, on average, produces approximately 227 hairs per square centimeter.[1]
Further, Loussourarn found that Afro-textured hair grows at an average rate of approximately 256 micrometers per day, while Caucasian hair grows at approximately 396 micrometers per day.[1][7] In addition, due to a phenomenon called 'shrinkage', Afro-textured hair that is a given length when stretched straight can appear much shorter when allowed to naturally coil upon itself.[8] Shrinkage is most evident when Afro-hair is (or has recently been) wet.
A hair's shape is never completely circular. The cross-section of a hair is an ellipse which can tend towards a circle or be distinctly flattened. Asiatic heads of straight hair are formed from almost-round hairs and Caucasian hair's cross sections form oval shapes. Afro-textured hair has a flattened cross-section and is finer, and its ringlets can form tight circles with diameters of only a few millimeters. Asiatic hair can be observed as being the most common while Afro-textured hair is the most uncommon.[9]
Afro-textured hair strands can also possess "torsion twists", where the hair strand turns around itself. This can be felt as a permanent crimp. The simplest analogy would be the wringing of a cloth where you turn one side clockwise and the other anti-clockwise. These torsion twists may prevent the hair strands from "clumping" together into curls, instead separating them and allowing them to have a fluffier, more undefined look.[10]
Evolution
Main article: Hair#Texture
Afro-textured hair may have initially evolved because of an adaptive need (amongst humanity's hominid ancestors) for protection against the intense UV radiation of Africa.[citation needed] Subsequently (and/or additionally), because the relatively sparse density of Afro-hair, combined with its elastic helix shape, results in an airy effect, the resulting increased circulation of cool air onto the scalp may have served to facilitate our hominid ancestors' body-temperature-regulation while they lived in the open savannah.[citation needed] Further, Afro-hair does not respond as easily to moisture/sweat as straight hair. Thus, instead of sticking to the neck and scalp when wet (as do straighter textures), unless totally drenched, it tends to retain its basic springy puffiness. In this sense, in addition to the above-listed causes, the trait may have also been retained/preferred among many equatorial human groups because of its contribution to enhanced comfort levels under warm conditions.[citation needed] Finally, sexual selection based on visual and/or tactile socio-aesthetics may have also and/or further contributed to this trait's ubiquity in certain regions.[citation needed]
History
Continental Africa
Historically, afro-textured hairstyles were used to define status, or identity, in regards to age, ethnicity, wealth, social rank, marital status, religion, fertility, manhood, and even death. Hair was carefully groomed by those who understood the aesthetic standard as the social implications of hair grooming was a significant part of community life. Dense, thick, clean and neatly groomed hair was something highly admired and sought after. Hair groomers possessed unique styling skills allowing them to create a variety of designs that met the local cultural standards. Hair worn in its loose state was not the norm, and usually left the impression that an individual was filthy, mentally unstable or in mourning.
Communities across the continent invented diverse ways of styling afro-textured hair. It was common practice for the head female of the household to groom her family's hair, teaching her craft to her daughters. In some cases, an elder would facilitate the transfer of hair grooming skills seeing that many members of her family inherited and mastered the craft.

In many traditional cultures communal grooming was a social event where a woman could socialize and strengthen bonds between herself, other women and their families. Historically, hair braiding was not a paid trade, although it has evolved into a multi-million dollar business in places like the United States and Europe. An individual's hair groomer was usually someone whom they knew closely. Sessions included shampooing, oiling, combing, braiding, twisting adding accessories. For shampooing black soap was widely used in places like West and Central Africa. Additionally palm oil and palm kernel oil were also popularly used for oiling the scalp. Shea butter has also been traditionally used to moisturize and dress the hair with a yellow variety being popular in West Africa, and a white variety in East Africa. In North Africa Argan Oil was applied to the hair and/or scalp for protection against the arid environment and intense sun. Hair grooming of afro-textured hair was considered a very important, intimate, spiritual part of one's overall wellness, and would last hours and, sometimes, days depending on the hair style and skill required. Diversity in, and experimentation with, afro-textured hair styles was the norm up until the European slave trade, and the height of the Arab Slave Trade, penetrated sub-Saharan Africa.

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

Black Little Girl Hairstyles Free Pictures Photos Images Designs 2013

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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